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Les erreurs scientifiques du Coran (voir la source)

Version du 12 janvier 2025 à 15:33

1 241 octets ajoutés ,  12 janvier
→‎Le déluge mondial de Noé
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Une interprétation moderne suggère que le Coran pourrait faire référence à Zimri, fils de Salou ([https://saintebible.com/numbers/25-14.htm Nombres 25:14]). Cependant, le personnage coranique est mentionné trois fois dans le Coran (20:85-88) sous le nom de ''l-Sāmiriyu'', avec l’article défini, "le Samiri", ce qui indique un titre descriptif plutôt qu’un nom propre :{{Quote|{{Quran|20|85}}|85 - Dieu dit: "Nous avons mis ton peuple à l'épreuve après ton départ. Et le Samiri les a égarés".}}{{Quote|{{Quran|20|95}}|95 - Alors [Moïse] dit: "Quel a été ton dessein? Ô Samiri?"}}
Une interprétation moderne suggère que le Coran pourrait faire référence à Zimri, fils de Salou ([https://saintebible.com/numbers/25-14.htm Nombres 25:14]). Cependant, le personnage coranique est mentionné trois fois dans le Coran (20:85-88) sous le nom de ''l-Sāmiriyu'', avec l’article défini, "le Samiri", ce qui indique un titre descriptif plutôt qu’un nom propre :{{Quote|{{Quran|20|85}}|85 - Dieu dit: "Nous avons mis ton peuple à l'épreuve après ton départ. Et le Samiri les a égarés".}}{{Quote|{{Quran|20|95}}|95 - Alors [Moïse] dit: "Quel a été ton dessein? Ô Samiri?"}}


===Noah's worldwide flood ===
===Le déluge mondial de Noé ===
Article principal (en): ''[[:en:Historical_Errors_in_the_Quran#Noah's_worldwide_flood|Historical Errors in the Quran - Noah's worldwide flood]]''


The Quran contains a version of the worldwide-flood story widespread in ancient near-Eastern mythology and most famously found in the Bible. Since geological evidence suggests such a flood never took place, some modern Muslim scholars have reinterpreted the account in the Quran as referring to a more limited, local flood. Several elements in the tale, however, militate against this rereading. Elsewhere in the Quran whenever the heavens and earth are mentioned together, it means in their entirety. In this story waters are released from both of them. Another such detail is the storage of "two of each kind" of animal aboard the ship, since it is not clear what purpose this would serve if the flood were local. Similarly, the purpose of the boat itself appears unclear in this reading - as with the ample warning time that Noah was given, he and his family could have simply evacuated the area that was to be flooded. The relevant passage also states plainly that nothing, not even a tall mountain, could save an individual from drowning on that day except for Allah - this seems to contradict the idea that individuals and animals could have escaped the flood simply by evacuating the flooded area. Noah is recorded praying to God, "O my Lord! Leave not of the Unbelievers [kuffar], a single one on Earth!" - the flood is an answer to this prayer, which likewise suggests that the flood described is a global flood that drowns all those not chosen by Allah to persist aboard the ark.
Le Coran contient une version du récit du déluge universel, présent dans la mythologie de l’ancien Proche-Orient et connu notamment à travers la Bible. Étant donné que les preuves géologiques accablantes suggèrent qu’un tel déluge n’a jamais eu lieu, certains érudits musulmans modernes ont réinterprété ce récit coranique comme faisant référence à un déluge plus limité et local. Cependant, plusieurs éléments du récit contredisent cette interprétation.


{{Quote|{{Quran-range|54|11|12}}|Then opened We the gates of heaven with pouring water And caused the earth to gush forth springs, so that the waters met for a predestined purpose.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|At length, behold! there came Our command, and the fountains of the earth gushed forth! '''We said: "Embark therein, of each kind two, male and female''', and your family - except those against whom the word has already gone forth,- and the Believers." but only a few believed with him.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|11|43}}|The son replied: "I will betake myself to some mountain: it will save me from the water." Noah said: '''"This day nothing can save''', from the command of Allah, any but those on whom He hath mercy! "And the waves came between them, and the son was among those overwhelmed in the Flood.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|71|26}}|And Noah, said: "O my Lord! Leave not of the Unbelievers, a single one on earth!}}
Dans le Coran, chaque fois que les cieux et la terre sont mentionnés ensemble, cela désigne leur totalité. Dans ce récit, des eaux jaillissent à la fois des cieux et de la terre. Un autre détail significatif est l’ordre de rassembler "deux de chaque espèce" d’animaux à bord de l’arche, ce qui semble inutile si le déluge était local. De même, la construction même de l’arche semble superflue dans cette lecture : avec l’avertissement prolongé donné à Noé, lui et sa famille auraient pu simplement évacuer la région concernée.


===Flood waters boiled from an oven===
Le passage concerné indique aussi clairement qu’aucune montagne, aussi haute soit-elle, ne pourrait sauver une personne du déluge ce jour-là, sauf par la miséricorde d’Allah, ce qui semble contredire l’idée qu’hommes et animaux auraient pu échapper au déluge simplement en quittant la région inondée. Noé est décrit priant Allah en ces termes : « Seigneur, ne laisse sur la terre aucun infidèle! » Le déluge apparaît comme une réponse directe à cette prière, ce qui suggère qu’il s’agit d’un déluge global, destiné à détruire tous ceux qui n’ont pas été choisis par Allah pour monter à bord de l’arche.{{Quote|{{Quran-range|54|11|12}}|11 - Nous ouvrîmes alors les portes du ciel à une eau torrentielle,
12 - et fîmes jaillir la terre en sources. Les eaux se rencontrèrent d'après un ordre qui était déjà décrété dans une chose [faite].}}{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|40 - Puis, lorsque Notre commandement vint et que le four se mit à bouillonner [d'eau], Nous dîmes: "Charge [dans l'arche] un couple de chaque espèce ainsi que ta famille - sauf ceux contre qui le décret est déjà prononcé - et ceux qui croient". Or, ceux qui avaient cru avec lui étaient peu nombreux.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|11|43}}|43 - Il répondit: "Je vais me réfugier vers un mont qui me protégera de l'eau". Et Noé lui dit: "Il n'y a aujourd'hui aucun protecteur contre l'ordre de Dieu. (Tous périront) sauf celui à qui Il fait miséricorde". Et les vagues s'interposèrent entre les deux, et le fils fut alors du nombre des noyés.}}{{Quote|{{Quran|71|26}}|26 - Et Noé dit: "Seigneur, ne laisse sur la terre aucun infidèle.}}


Aside from waters pouring from gates in the heaven, the Qur'an further describes the flood waters as boiling from an oven. There is no scientific nor historical evidence for a large flood of this nature. This element is not found even in more ancient versions of the story (Epic of Gilgamesh, Atra hasis, and Ziusudra). Its ultimate origin appears to be a highly tenuous rabbinical exergisis in the Babylonian Talmud, based on a word in an unrelated verse that means heat or wrath.<ref>[https://biblehub.com/lexicon/esther/7-10.htm biblehub.com]</ref>
====Les eaux du déluge bouillant d’un four====
En plus de la description des eaux déversées depuis les portes des cieux, le Coran mentionne que les eaux du déluge ont également bouillonné à partir d’un four. Il n’existe aucune preuve scientifique ni historique d’un déluge de cette nature. Cet élément spécifique n’apparaît pas dans des versions plus anciennes de l’histoire, comme celles de l’'''Épopée de Gilgamesh''', de l’'''Atrahasis''' ou de '''Ziusudra'''. Son origine semble provenir d’une exégèse rabbinique très fragile présente dans le Talmud babylonien, basée sur un mot dans un verset non lié qui signifie chaleur ou colère.<ref>[https://biblehub.com/lexicon/esther/7-10.htm biblehub.com]</ref>


{{Quote|1=[https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.12a.4?lang=bi Tracate Rosh Hashanah]|2=The Gemara answers: Even according to Rabbi Eliezer a change was made, in accordance with the statement of Rav Ḥisda, as Rav Ḥisda said: They sinned with boiling heat, and they were punished with boiling heat; they sinned with the boiling heat of the sin of forbidden sexual relations, and they were punished with the boiling heat of scalding waters. This is derived from a verbal analogy. It is written here, with regard to the flood: “And the waters abated” (Genesis 8:1), and it is written elsewhere, with regard to King Ahasuerus: “And the heated anger of the king abated” (Esther 7:10), which implies that the word “abated” means cooled. This indicates that at first the waters of the flood had been scalding hot.}}
{{Quote|1=[https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.12a.4?lang=bi Tracate Rosh Hashanah]|2=La Guemara répond : Même selon Rabbi Éliézer, une modification a été faite, conformément à la déclaration de Rav Ḥisda, car Rav Ḥisda a dit : Ils ont péché avec une chaleur bouillante, et ils ont été punis par une chaleur bouillante ; ils ont péché avec la chaleur bouillante du péché des relations sexuelles interdites, et ils ont été punis par la chaleur bouillante des eaux brûlantes. Cela est déduit par une analogie verbale. Il est écrit ici, à propos du déluge : "Et les eaux s’apaisèrent" (Genèse 8:1), et il est écrit ailleurs, à propos du roi Assuérus : "Et la colère brûlante du roi s’apaisa" (Esther 7:10), ce qui implique que le mot "apaisé" signifie refroidi. Cela indique qu’au départ, les eaux du déluge étaient brûlantes.}}


Note that in his translation, Yusuf Ali mistranslates the Aramaic loan word for the oven (alttannooru ٱلتَّنُّورُ)<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000355.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 318 تَّنُّورُ]</ref> as "fountains". The Arabic verb translated "gushed forth" (fara فَارَ) means "boiled" in the context of water in a cooking pot<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000241.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2457 فور]</ref>, as well as in the other verse where it is used, {{Quran|67|7}}.
l convient de noter que dans sa traduction, Yusuf Ali traduit de manière incorrecte le mot d’emprunt araméen désignant le four (''alttannooru'' - ٱلتَّنُّورُ)<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000355.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 318 تَّنُّورُ]</ref> comme "sources". Le verbe arabe traduit par "jaillit" (''fara -'' فَارَ) signifie "bouillit" dans le contexte de l’eau dans une marmite,<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000241.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2457 فور]</ref> ainsi que dans un autre verset où il est utilisé, [https://coran-seul.com/index.php/verset?sourate=67&verset=7 Coran 67:7].


{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|40 - Puis, lorsque Notre commandement vint et que '''le four se mit à bouillonner [d'eau]''', Nous dîmes: "Charge [dans l'arche] un couple de chaque espèce ainsi que ta famille - sauf ceux contre qui le décret est déjà prononcé - et ceux qui croient". Or, ceux qui avaient cru avec lui étaient peu nombreux.}}
(Thus it was) till, when Our commandment came to pass '''and the oven gushed forth water''', We said: Load therein two of every kind, a pair (the male and female), and thy household, save him against whom the word hath gone forth already, and those who believe. And but a few were they who believed with him.}}


{{Quote|{{Quran|23|27}}|
{{Quote|{{Quran|23|27}}|27 - Nous lui révélâmes: "Construis l'arche sous Nos yeux et selon Notre révélation. Et quand Notre commandement viendra et que '''le four bouillonnera''', achemine là-dedans un couple de chaque espèce, ainsi que ta famille, sauf ceux d'entre eux contre qui la parole a déjà été prononcée; et ne t'adresse pas à Moi au sujet des injustes, car ils seront fatalement noyés.}}
Then We inspired in him, saying: Make the ship under Our eyes and Our inspiration. Then, when Our command cometh '''and the oven gusheth water''', introduce therein of every (kind) two spouses, and thy household save him thereof against whom the Word hath already gone forth. And plead not with Me on behalf of those who have done wrong. Lo! they will be drowned.}}


===Noah's ark holding every species ===
====L’arche de Noé contenant toutes les espèces====
 
Une partie de la légende de l’arche de Noé raconte qu’un couple de chaque espèce vivante fut embarqué à bord. Cependant, la science moderne a révélé qu’il existe [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce plusieurs millions espèces animales], y compris des manchots, des ours polaires, des koalas et des kangourous, qui vivent dispersés sur toute la planète, chacune nécessitant des climats, habitats et régimes alimentaires spécifiques. Ces découvertes semblent rendre impossible l’idée que tous les animaux aient pu être conservés à bord d’un seul navire. De plus, le fait que chaque espèce ait atteint une population de seulement deux individus impliquerait que la plupart de ces espèces se seraient rapidement éteinte à la suite du deluge à cause du phénomène de [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9pression_endogamique dépression de consanguinité].
Part of the legend of Noah's Ark is that a pair of every living species was stored on board. Modern science has revealed, however, that there are over a hundred thousand species of animals including penguins, polar bears, koala bears, and kangaroos that live spread across the entire planet and each of which require different climates, habitats, and diets. These discoveries appear to render the idea that all animals could have been kept on board a single ship impossible.
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|40 - Puis, lorsque Notre commandement vint et que le four se mit à bouillonner [d'eau], Nous dîmes: "Charge [dans l'arche] un couple de chaque espèce ainsi que ta famille - sauf ceux contre qui le décret est déjà prononcé - et ceux qui croient". Or, ceux qui avaient cru avec lui étaient peu nombreux.}}
 
{{Quote|{{Quran|11|40}}|
(Thus it was) till, when Our commandment came to pass and the oven gushed forth water, We said: Load therein two of every kind, a pair (the male and female), and thy household, save him against whom the word hath gone forth already, and those who believe. And but a few were they who believed with him.}}


==Sociology==
==Sociology==
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Some 1.9 million species of plants and animals have been identified and named, out of some 8.7 million that may actually exist<ref name="plos">{{cite journal | author= Mora, C.| title=How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?|journal=[[PLoS Biology]]|date=August 23, 2011|url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |pmid=21886479 |pmc=3160336 |volume=9 |pages=e1001127|display-authors=etal}}</ref>. Millions more have become extinct. Far more numerous are the living objects, galaxies, the countless stars and planets of the universe. In light of this, it is not clear what is meant by the idea that Allah taught Adam 'all the names', especially since the first humans do not appear to have been extremely knowledgeable.
Some 1.9 million species of plants and animals have been identified and named, out of some 8.7 million that may actually exist<ref name="plos">{{cite journal | author= Mora, C.| title=How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?|journal=[[PLoS Biology]]|date=August 23, 2011|url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |pmid=21886479 |pmc=3160336 |volume=9 |pages=e1001127|display-authors=etal}}</ref>. Millions more have become extinct. Far more numerous are the living objects, galaxies, the countless stars and planets of the universe. In light of this, it is not clear what is meant by the idea that Allah taught Adam 'all the names', especially since the first humans do not appear to have been extremely knowledgeable.


===Arabic as eminently accessible ===
===Arabic as eminently accessible===


Fewer than 4% of the world's population grows up speaking Arabic. The Arabic of this 4%, however, is not the Arabic of the Quran and is instead comprised of various regional dialects of modern colloquial Arabic. The text of the Quran is thus directly accessible only to a  small portion of the world's population. Additionally, there are present in the Quran many words, phrases, and references whose original 7th century Arabic meaning, being unrecorded, has been entirely lost to history or, in some cases, has remained subject to inconclusive debates. Consequently, while Muslims are obligated to pray and recite the Quran in Arabic, it is only a small proportion of the Muslim population that can claim to have some sense of what they recite on a daily basis. These circumstances are difficult to reconcile with the Quran's assertion that the Quran was 'revealed in Arabic so that people may understand it'.
Fewer than 4% of the world's population grows up speaking Arabic. The Arabic of this 4%, however, is not the Arabic of the Quran and is instead comprised of various regional dialects of modern colloquial Arabic. The text of the Quran is thus directly accessible only to a  small portion of the world's population. Additionally, there are present in the Quran many words, phrases, and references whose original 7th century Arabic meaning, being unrecorded, has been entirely lost to history or, in some cases, has remained subject to inconclusive debates. Consequently, while Muslims are obligated to pray and recite the Quran in Arabic, it is only a small proportion of the Muslim population that can claim to have some sense of what they recite on a daily basis. These circumstances are difficult to reconcile with the Quran's assertion that the Quran was 'revealed in Arabic so that people may understand it'.
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==Miracles and myths==
==Miracles and myths==


===Humans turned apes===
===Humans turned apes ===


The Qur'an records a miraculous event where Sabbath breakers are transformed into apes. There is, however, no scientific evidence that humans were ever transformed into apes.
The Qur'an records a miraculous event where Sabbath breakers are transformed into apes. There is, however, no scientific evidence that humans were ever transformed into apes.
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{{Quote|{{Quran|20|88}}|So he brought forth for them a calf, a (mere) body, which had a mooing sound, so they said: This is your god and the god of Musa, but he forgot.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|88}}|So he brought forth for them a calf, a (mere) body, which had a mooing sound, so they said: This is your god and the god of Musa, but he forgot.}}


===Hordes trapped by iron wall ===
===Hordes trapped by iron wall===
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance}}
{{Main|Dhul-Qarnayn and the Alexander Romance}}


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Jesus, son of Mary, said: O Allah, Lord of us! '''Send down for us a table spread with food from heaven, that it may be a feast for us''', for the first of us and for the last of us, and a sign from Thee. Give us sustenance, for Thou art the Best of Sustainers. Allah said: Lo! I send it down for you. And whoso disbelieveth of you afterward, him surely will I punish with a punishment wherewith I have not punished any of (My) creatures.}}
Jesus, son of Mary, said: O Allah, Lord of us! '''Send down for us a table spread with food from heaven, that it may be a feast for us''', for the first of us and for the last of us, and a sign from Thee. Give us sustenance, for Thou art the Best of Sustainers. Allah said: Lo! I send it down for you. And whoso disbelieveth of you afterward, him surely will I punish with a punishment wherewith I have not punished any of (My) creatures.}}


===Stick turned serpent===
=== Stick turned serpent===
The Quran states that Moses' staff transformed into a serpent. There is no scientific evidence that suggests such a transformation would be possible.{{Quote|{{Quran|7|107}}|
The Quran states that Moses' staff transformed into a serpent. There is no scientific evidence that suggests such a transformation would be possible.{{Quote|{{Quran|7|107}}|
Then (Moses) threw his rod, and behold! it was a serpent, plain (for all to see)! }}
Then (Moses) threw his rod, and behold! it was a serpent, plain (for all to see)! }}


===Army of genies and birds===
===Army of genies and birds ===


A story in the Qur'an, drawing on Jewish folklore, states that Solomon commanded a massive army comprised of 'Jinns and men and birds'. Solomon is described as speaking with a Hoopoe bird and thereafter desiring to execute the bird when it is tardy to his assembly. The Hoopoe bird, it is then revealed, was only delayed because it had been spying on a beautiful female ruler, Queen Sheba, who Solomon subsequently insists is misguided and must be conquered. At this point, Solomon assigns a Jinn from his assembly the task of stealing Queen Sheba's magnificent throne. There is, however, no scientific evidence that Jinn exist, that birds can be commanded as soldiers, or that birds can engage in elaborate conversations with humans.
A story in the Qur'an, drawing on Jewish folklore, states that Solomon commanded a massive army comprised of 'Jinns and men and birds'. Solomon is described as speaking with a Hoopoe bird and thereafter desiring to execute the bird when it is tardy to his assembly. The Hoopoe bird, it is then revealed, was only delayed because it had been spying on a beautiful female ruler, Queen Sheba, who Solomon subsequently insists is misguided and must be conquered. At this point, Solomon assigns a Jinn from his assembly the task of stealing Queen Sheba's magnificent throne. There is, however, no scientific evidence that Jinn exist, that birds can be commanded as soldiers, or that birds can engage in elaborate conversations with humans.
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And he took a muster of the Birds; and he said: "Why is it I see not the Hoopoe? Or is he among the absentees? I will certainly punish him with a severe Penalty, or execute him, unless he bring me a clear reason (for absence). But the Hoopoe tarried not far: he (came up and) said: "I have compassed (territory) which thou hast not compassed, and I have come to thee from Saba with tidings true. I found (there) a woman ruling over them and provided with every requisite; and she has a magnificent throne.}}
And he took a muster of the Birds; and he said: "Why is it I see not the Hoopoe? Or is he among the absentees? I will certainly punish him with a severe Penalty, or execute him, unless he bring me a clear reason (for absence). But the Hoopoe tarried not far: he (came up and) said: "I have compassed (territory) which thou hast not compassed, and I have come to thee from Saba with tidings true. I found (there) a woman ruling over them and provided with every requisite; and she has a magnificent throne.}}


===Living inside a big fish===
===Living inside a big fish ===


The Quran presents a version of the Biblical tale in which Jonah is swallowed by a whale ('the big Fish') and then lives in the whale for some time while praying. Scientific research, however, suggests that a person could not persist long inside a whale's digestive tract and, if not crushed by the whale or by water pressure, would almost immediately suffocate.  
The Quran presents a version of the Biblical tale in which Jonah is swallowed by a whale ('the big Fish') and then lives in the whale for some time while praying. Scientific research, however, suggests that a person could not persist long inside a whale's digestive tract and, if not crushed by the whale or by water pressure, would almost immediately suffocate.  
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{{Quote|{{Quran|37|142}}|Then the big Fish did swallow him, and he had done acts worthy of blame. Had it not been that he (repented and) glorified Allah, He would certainly have remained inside the Fish till the Day of Resurrection. But We cast him forth, on the naked shore in a state of sickness}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|37|142}}|Then the big Fish did swallow him, and he had done acts worthy of blame. Had it not been that he (repented and) glorified Allah, He would certainly have remained inside the Fish till the Day of Resurrection. But We cast him forth, on the naked shore in a state of sickness}}


=== Buraq, the winged horse===
===Buraq, the winged horse===
{{Main|Buraq}}
{{Main|Buraq}}


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Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things). }}
Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things). }}


===Speaking body parts===
=== Speaking body parts===


The Quran states that human organs will, on the Day of Judgement, testify against their own persons. Scientific research does not suggest that this is possible.
The Quran states that human organs will, on the Day of Judgement, testify against their own persons. Scientific research does not suggest that this is possible.
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On the Day when their tongues, their hands, and their feet will bear witness against them as to their actions. }}
On the Day when their tongues, their hands, and their feet will bear witness against them as to their actions. }}


===Sea split in half===
===Sea split in half ===


The Quran present a version of the story where Moses splits the sea and crosses it with the Israelites. Scientific research does not suggest that this is possible.
The Quran present a version of the story where Moses splits the sea and crosses it with the Israelites. Scientific research does not suggest that this is possible.
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*Father: 1/6 = 4/24,
*Father: 1/6 = 4/24,
*Mother: 1/6 = 4/24,
*Mother: 1/6 = 4/24,
* '''Total''' = 27/24=1.125
*'''Total''' = 27/24=1.125


===Lying forelocks===
===Lying forelocks===
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